Interactive Multimedia Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Interactive Multimedia - Assignment Example The most distinct feature of multimedia interaction is that it is mutual and both the machine and the user take an equal active role (Morley and Parker 7). Interactive multimedia can be used in multiple ways in the education sector and has benefits for the students or learners and teachers. The main benefit of it is the ability to individualize education (Lucas 77). The multimedia technologies that augment the existing curriculum allow immediate enhancement and encourage development in the sector (Cartwright 295). This can help resolve problems in the educational sector by providing activities that match with the learning style employed by the students. They have the ability to improve the learning outcomes of students as they increase their potential. The advancements in interactive media provide students with the opportunity to gain and share information with their peers and work on collaborative projects and increases motivation among the young people (Mishra and Sharma 311). These experiences are considered to be rich, social and have more meaning than the traditional word to word lessons. Interactive multimedia is used for entertainment in many ways such as video games as explained by Morgan Stanley and Co (2010). Recent studies show that video games are most popular form of entertainment. It is the only segment of the United States consumer media with a significant increase in spending compared to other forms of media including; newspapers, books and broadcast TV (Mayer 99). 3D human tracking methods have been introduced in computer vision and applied in motion analysis, interactive computer graphics and surveillance. This is because such a system runs on inexpensive hardware, is fast and emphasizes on real time interactivity. Object segmentation processing is determined by color and the dimension of the object is computed. The motion corresponding on the 2D trajectories is

self :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Self-esteem, according to Introduction to Psychology by Dennis Coon, is defined as regarding oneself as a worthwhile person or a positive evaluation of oneself1. This study focuses on the examination of African American adolescent self-esteem based on the independent variables of parental marital status, income, and family structure. Is it possible that these variables could affect a confidence that is supposed to come from oneself? According to Mandara and Murray, these variables greatly affect the self-esteem in African American boys and girls in different but significant ways.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It was important for me to choose an article that I could relate with and also that interested me. I found this article to have both these qualities and also be the most accurate with several tables and outside references to make it as comprehensive as it could be. I found the material easy to read and understand as well. It also stood out because it was narrowly focused on a specific topic with specific factors. I found other articles that were so broad, I could hardly imagine them having accurate results. Once I chose this topic, the articles available to me were few and far between, which I feel is too bad because it is an important topic and before we can begin helping those adolescents who are lacking self-esteem, we must first find out where the problem originates. Having grown up in a single parent, middle class income family and being the oldest of two children, I feel that I can now understand why I sometimes felt inadequate with myself. The unspoken pressure to make my mom proud and be a â€Å"good† big sister created this inadequacy. This study definitely helped me understand this pressure and proved that unlike my thought at the time, I was not the only teenager going through this enormous drop in self-esteem. Mandura and Murray predicted four outcomes based on the three perspectives formed by Amato & Keith (1991) and Heiss (1996) 2; the family structure, the family income and the family functioning perspectives. First, that the self-esteem of boys not girls would be affected by their parents’ marital status. Second, that both genders would have higher quality of family functioning than single parent households. The third prediction concluded that the effects of marital status on self-esteem would be less if family income was statistically matched with other families. The last hypothesis predicted that family functioning had a greater effect on self-esteem than family structure.

Rebel Women vs. Yankee Women

Rebel Women vs. Yankee Women Many stories have been told about the Civil War; there is the story of Gettysburg, Stonewall Jackson’s death, Robert E. Lee leading his solders, and many more. However, we only hear the smallest amount of information about what the wives of these soldiers are doing. It would be interesting to dig deep into the details of the support army general wives gave, what the government expected from women of both sides of the war, and the main differences of lifestyle back on the home front.Women were a huge part of the Civil War and supported the soldiers in many ways. My goal is to find the difference between the support Robert E. Lee’s wife and George Meade’s spouse gave. Robert E. Lee was an outstanding leader so it is a wonder what sort of support he received other than from his soldiers and assistants. George Meade was also an interesting character of the war and took reign at a difficult time, right before Gettysburg; he would have need ed some emotional support. Mary Anna Randolph Custis was General Lee’s wife, married in 1831.Even though many women were not educated, Custis had a fine education and was intelligent. Mary’s mother, Molly, was a huge advocate for freeing slaves and eventually had Mary believing in the same rights. They tried to weaken the harsh conditions of slavery and let their own slaves free. However, they were not quite convinced African Americans should be part of the society. 1 Mary had many suitors; she turned down requests from distinguished cousins, Sam Houston and two sons from the Revolutionary war hero, Harry Lee.It was believed that there were few worthy of her love, but Robert E. Lee claimed it. He was a distant cousin to her and a childhood friend. Although others thought their finances and sexual life was a scandal, they were wedded. The life of a military wife that Mary had to begin living was a worry to General Lee. She grew up sophisticated and had a wealthy life. M ary, even though she missed her childhood home, followed Robert Lee to his field posts.She spent much of the time drawing and would only return home for pregnancy or illness. Through the war she had wished her husband would leave the army, but she stuck with him through it. It is not odd to wonder how she mustered the strength to raise seven children, follow her soldier husband and stay sane. Many would say that focusing on her artwork helped with the extensive traveling. After Virginia succeeded, Mary told her husband that she would support any choice he made. 2 Mrs.General Lee was a very loyal wife and showed her support towards the Confederates after feeling pushed away by the North. She would visit hospitals of soldiers and knit socks for the ill men. A neighbor tells this about the Lee home: â€Å"People came to talk of victory or sorrow; they could stay here if they had nowhere to go†¦The brightness of her nature amidst uncertainty and pain, was wonderful. †3 An in spirational image of her is her sitting on her home porch knitting while there is fire in the street.

Hunger Games Essay plan - 1197 Words

‘The Hunger Games’ CEL Task: To show how the director uses film techniques to convey various themes in ‘The Hunger Games’ Introduction: Using your notes write an introduction in which you: Mention the title, director, year of release, where it was set. Clarify what the genre is, explaining exactly what this means. Name and briefly describe the main protagonist in a single sentence. Provide a plot summary. Do not write openings such as ‘I am going to talk about†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Always write in the third person in a CEL EXAMPLE: ‘The director, Gary Ross, uses many film techniques to convey the themes of†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢(only write the themes in the introduction that you are analysing in your essay). ‘The Hunger Games’ is an American science fiction film†¦show more content†¦Example: Think about the propaganda video shown during ‘The Reaping’. How is this similar to those shown in ‘1984’? How are the crowd reacting compared to Effie Trinket? What is being said at this point? Do the people of the districts feel the peace that President Snow proclaims. Look at the blog as there is some useful information about HOPE. Paragraph Five: Theme: Power. Using the PEAR structure, discuss How Katniss begins to affect the power balance in ‘The Capitol’ ? There’s information on the blog about the theme of power and a video clip which will give you a better understanding of Katniss’s role in upsetting the balance. Exa mple: Katniss’s relationship with Rue, and Peeta upsets the balance. The usual collaborations in the Hunger Games are about maximum power for killing the other tributes. Rue’s death scene and the way Katniss treats Rue with respect, and in turn District 11 that becomes the catalyst (somebody or someone that makes a change happen) for change. The ‘berry’ scene at the end is very powerful. Paragraph six Theme: Appearance versus reality (what is real? and what is only appearance?) Using the PEAR structure, look at how the director uses techniques to show us how Katniss has to change to stay alive in ‘HungerShow MoreRelatedThe Hunger Games Trilogy1719 Words   |  7 PagesHannah Hirschhorn Essay 10/16/12 The trilogy of The Hunger Games written by Suzanne Collins, focuses on a country that is being controlled by an oppressive government and the people who are fighting against it for their freedom. Although the odds are against the rebels, they continue to combat tyranny at the risk of their own lives. The story takes place in the not too distant future in a country called Panem, which represents the United States. The Capitol, which is the center of the nationalRead MoreEssay On The Hunger Games1027 Words   |  5 PagesThe Hunger Games - Essay By Lauren Wheeler Throughout the whole story of The Hunger Games, the author Suzanne Collins’ personal story plays a major role in the events of the annual hunger games, and is a great influence on the personality and development of the two tributes from District 12 and their struggle to survive in the cruel, harsh arena. The story of the Hunger Games takes place in the destroyed nation of North America, which is now Panem and contains twelve districts. These districtsRead MorePersuasive Essay : Hunger Games772 Words   |  4 Pages Persuasive essay Hunger games, the time my mom left to cuba,and the right to the street of Memphis emplies that it is beneficial to be sheltered Rather than self governor. If we were all self governor most of us probably wouldn t be alive. In The hunger games by Suzanne collins, thirteen districts attempted to start a Revolution against the Capitol. They failed and district 13 was destroyed. An annual t elevised death match called the hunger games was created by the CapitolRead MoreThe Hunger Games, Directed By Neil Burger1181 Words   |  5 Pagesconsequences, framed in context of how a movie with different scripts can achieve its highest-priority themes and guarantee positive ratings. A 2012 film, The Hunger Games, directed by Gary Ross and 2014 film, Divergent, directed by Neil Burger presents two ideal films focusing on the ethical decisions made by the main characters. This essay aims at identifying the causes and effects of ethical decisions made by the main characters, the impacts of these decisions, how these decisions affect the societyRead MoreA Modest Proposal By Jonathan Swift1647 Words   |  7 PagesProposal,† tries to present different ideas in order to change the situation of Ireland. Through his proposal, he is able to get people’s attention, and the way he uses satire throughout the article made his argument more successful. He wrote this essay to sh ow how ignored and bad the state of Ireland and its social classes are. In â€Å"A Modest Proposal†, Swift effectively uses rhetorical exaggeration to express his offense towards England’s politicians, and the status of the poor people in the countryRead MoreCharacter Analysis of Katniss Everdeen from The Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins549 Words   |  3 Pages The Hunger Games is a trilogy novel book written by Suzanne Collins. The book is about being selected in a game where everything is about winning, and by winning you live another year with fame, and by losing means you die and known for not being strong enough. In this essay I’m going to analyze a character from the book, and write why I think the character is interesting. The person you are about to read about is Katniss Everdeen and also the main person in the book. Katniss Everdeen is a teenageRead MoreThe Hunger Games Movie Analysis1935 Words   |  8 PagesIn the following film, The Hunger Games directed by Gary Ross, it focuses primarily on the protagonist, Katniss Everdeen, who volunteers to partake the Hunger games tribute that occurs once a year. Every year in each district, each of the two members of each gender is selected to fight the annual Hunger Games. Katniss intends to be the center of attention of this film, which gives the audiences a better insight of the movie, also revealing additional themes that the author is trying to convey. AtRead MoreThe Origin Of Archetypes : An Archetype2192 Words   |  9 Pagesstar crossed lovers throughout history, you have the famous play â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† which is a four-hundred year old drama, then you have Paolo Francesca, a short story in Dante’s Inferno, a five-hundred year old epic, then you have the modern Hunger Games. Most of the lovers in these story tried to be together, but mostly it failed at the end, they all some sort of issue blocking them from being with each other. The most famous example of star-crossed lovers are Romeo and Juliet. There are manyRead MoreThe Marshall Plan From Both The International Political Economic1822 Words   |  8 Pagesanalyze the Marshall Plan from both the international political economic (IPE) liberal and IPE critical theorist philosophies and what a theorist from each belief would say about the Marshall Plan in regards to its economic and political implications. The essay will do this first with an explanation of the IPE liberal theory; followed by an explanation of the IPE critical theory. Next, the essay will describe the background of the Marshall Plan aid and what the Marshall Plan hoped to accomplish inRead MoreReflection Paper On Psychology And Psychology1094 Words   |  5 Pagesaffecting my daily emotions, thoughts, and stresses. The areas of Psychology that push me toward my future goals and explain who I am today are my nurture, growth mindset, and motivation. Seeking to make sense of my past, present and future, this essay was written. From the point of view of an outside observer, it is understandable one may not understand the childhood that has had a profound impact in my later years. My parents are the two people I trust most in the world. This will change, inevitably

The Effects Of Peer Pressure On My Life - 997 Words

Friendship is a human born initiative that comes from within. In this world we are leaving in no one would want to be alone or isolated including me. Peer pressure in my life has had both negative and positive effects in my life when I was growing up from my adolescent age to teenage age until now are a grown up adult. During my adolescent years when peers were an important aspect in my life by shaping the way I would act and think in future I began to develop intimate friendship that was more elusive that was more constant than in my childhood time. In may ways this friendship was an essential component of my development that changed my reasoning and the way I see life today. This provided me with safe venues where I could explore my identity and also a safe heaven when I wanted someone to confine to in regard to my body changes and needs. I was on a notion that I belonged more to my age group than my pestering parents who were out to make my life miserable. Regardless of this my pa rents and other grown up adults became more concern when they started noticing my behavioral changes and my choice of friends. I thought that my parents were simply trying to be snoopy or trying to limit my space and at first this did not go down well with me. Although I hated been monitored like a toddler who depended on others to make decision for them as they could not make a reasonable decision on their own. My parents were very inquisitive lot who questioned my every friend and wanted toShow MoreRelatedPeer Pressure Essay693 Words   |  3 Pagesgeneration. Peer Pressure. We have all at one stage in our lives, experienced it. We all know what it feels like to be pressured by a peer. Peer pressure today impacts on kids of my generation in a huge aspect. Teenagers feel social pressure in numerous ways such as clothing, music and entertainment choices, to unsafe areas such as drugs, alcohol and smoking. During adolescence, kids emphasize their independence and explore their identity. Yet they still crave the approval of their peers and worryRead MorePeer Pressure In Adolescents: Drugs, Alcohol, And Sex.1188 Words   |  5 PagesPeer Pressure in Adolescents: Drugs, Alcohol, and Sex â€Å"A feeling that one must do the same things as other people of one s age and social group in order to be liked or respected by them†1. That is how the Merriam-Webster dictionary defines peer pressure. It seems simple right? Well it is much more than that. Peer pressure is much more complicated than just needing to be liked. It is all about finding out who you are and where you fit in in society. It can have a much bigger impact on the lives ofRead MorePositive Effects of Peer Pressure Essay561 Words   |  3 PagesPositive Effects of Peer Pressure When you think of the words â€Å"peer pressure’, what is the first thing that comes to mind? Majority of us would say that peer pressure is an influence from friends or classmates to do something risky that results in delinquent activities. Some people conform to such ways because as they say, â€Å"Everyone is doing it.† What if I told you that there is a positive side to peer pressure? Yes, you can be pressured into making the right choices. It can teach you to be matureRead MoreGender Identity : Gender And Masculinity Essay1509 Words   |  7 Pagesor deviant. Gender roles impact people at every stage of life from what type of toys children play with to how people interact in the workplace. When children and adolescents are exposed to these gender roles, they must decide on what identity that they want to have, and this can be confusing for many. Research continues to discover how gender identity develops among adolescents. A study done by Arizona State University examined the peer influence on gender identity development in adolescence. TheRead MoreAdolescence : The Social World1466 Words   |  6 Pagesindividual, in which peer pressure can happen. Peer pressure is when â€Å"people of the same age group encourage particular behavior, dress, and attitude,† peer pressure is usually seen as a negative influence upon an individual’s growth and behavior that is contrary to norms and morals, but can also be positive (Berger, 360). Social networking among adolescents is a huge deal because technology can bring friends together and also open up new bonds and relationships with other peers they stumble upon throughRead MoreThe Crucible805 Words   |  4 Pagesthis by not believing in herself and settling for being a â€Å"follower†. Mary however, has a sincere sense of loyalty to John Proctor her employer. Mary Warren goes through an inner battle of peer pressure and her loyalty to Proc tor. Mary’s yearning to fit in and loyalty to Proctor develops the theme that peer pressure easily overcomes loyalty. In the beginning of The Crucible, Mary Warren struggles with an inner sense of belonging. Mary Warren Clearly shows the reader her battle with finding where sheRead MoreCauses of Teen Pregnancy Essay1472 Words   |  6 Pages2010(Writer); however, in my community it seems to be on the rise. It’s never a surprise to hear someone discussing about a new girl being pregnant. Pregnancy use to be a precious gift, but this generation is turning it into a new trend that they perceive to be as socially acceptable. I was raised to receive an education first, marry the love of my life, and then have children. Some people may call it old fashion, but I believe that is the plan God has for everyone’s life. The bible says, â€Å"MarriageRead MoreThe Role Of Peer Pressure On College Students1235 Words   |  5 Pagesand experienced all our lives: peer pressure. Authors, Nancy P. Barnett, Miles Q. Ott, Michelle L. Rogers, Michelle Loxley, Crystal Linkletter, and Melissa A. Clar k, of the article, â€Å"Peer Associations for Substance Use and Exercise in a College Student Social Network,† test out this common theory of peer pressure being the reason for the damaging actions of college students, such as alcohol and substance use. In addition to testing out this theory of peer pressure on unhealthy behaviors, the authorsRead MoreThe Destructive Power of Peer Pressure Essay1408 Words   |  6 Pages Peer pressure and acts of mass blind obedience are all too common occurrences in our everyday society. A person, who under any other circumstances would never act in such a way, will commit unthinkable acts when backed by a single person or even worse, a large mass of individuals. It’s almost always destructive, and the person or persons involved usually always end up feeling regretful and bewildered by their actions. When thinking about group peer pressure, there are several otherRead MoreDecision-making Process of Teens786 Words   |  3 Pageshow they had come up with those choices. The effects of peers, emotions, and parents in a teen’s decision process. In The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet, a play by William Shakespeare, teens displayed sudden decisions without the thought of cons equences. Teenagers get the opportunity to test their abilities through risks to discover themselves. Decisions do not appear automatically, stemming from a series of events taken place in the brain. Parents, peers, and emotions have influence on teens, affecting

Alexander Hamilton - 1725 Words

Introduction: â€Å" I Consider Napoleon, Fox, and Hamilton the three greatest men of our epoch, and If I were force to decide between the three, I would give without hesitation the first place to Hamilton (Kaplan 284)†. Those are the words of prominent French diplomat Charles Maurice De Talleyrand after spending a year in the United States. Those words of respect came because of the actions and influences that Alexander Hamilton had on a young United States that still have an effect today. Hamilton helped shaped and interpret the United States constitution and set up the financial system that lead to the United States rise to a global power. Bibliography Hamilton was born in 1757 on a small island in the British West Indies. At the Age of†¦show more content†¦At the Annapolis Convention, Hamilton was called upon to create an address that was to be sent to all states, calling for delegates to be sent to Philadelphia convention. The Philadelphia convention ultimately resulted in the new Constitution for the United States. Hamilton had little influence on writing the constitution and felt like it was still not 100 percent optimal to his view of a strong central government, but signed it anyway as a delegate from New York. In Hamilton’s eyes it was much better in his eyes then the Articles of Confederation. Even Though the constitution did not align with Hamilton’s views perfectly, he championed the ratification of the constitution. Hamilton along with James Madison, and John Jay then authored a series of papers that became known as the Federalist Papers. These Papers supported the ratification of the New Consti tution. After the Ratification of the Constitution, Alexander Hamilton was chosen by President Washington to be the first Secretary of the Treasury of the United States. As the First Secretary of Treasury Hamilton’s influence and decisions would help shape the direction of the new United States of America. As the Secretary of the Treasury Hamilton faced the difficult task on how to make the United States a â€Å"Major Commercial and Military Power† (Foner 295). InShow MoreRelatedAlexander Hamilton1051 Words   |  5 Pagesduel with Vice President Aaron Burr. Alexander Hamiltons earlier career as a Continental Army officer is less well known. Yet Hamiltons first experience in public service is important, not only because it was the springboard to his later career, but because it also deeply influenced his values and thinking† (Hamilton). Alexander Hamilton was born as a British subject on the island of Nevis in the West Indies on the 11th of January 1755. His father, James Hamilton -- Scottish merchant of St. ChristopherRead MoreAlexander Hamilton990 Words   |  4 PagesAlexander Hamilton When producing something as important as the document outlining an entire nation’s culture, it is helpful to have inventive and innovative thinkers; however, it is necessary to have leaders with experience and knowledge. The United States needed a strong leader who stood for his beliefs and could execute them to their full potential. When Alexander Hamilton entered Independence Hall on May 14, 1787, that was exactly what he was willing to do for his country. He helped withRead MoreThe Accomplishments Of Alexander Hamilton1188 Words   |  5 PagesAlexander Hamilton was one of the youngest founding fathers. He was the chief staff aide to George Washington. In his early life, he was born in the West Indies. Alexander had a lot of family problems between his father and mother and had a rough childhood. He wanted to make a change and start his life in a better direction, so he got his first job at the age of 11 as an accounting clerk. He very quickly impressed his employer by his knowledge of international commerce and how to handle money. AtRead MoreAlexander Hamilton Essay784 Words   |  4 PagesAlexander Hamilton Alexander Hamilton was a great man that will be remembered for being a great major general of the armed forces of the United States of America. As well as the secretary of the treasury. In 1769, at twelve years old he had a job as a clerk in a general store and Alexander dreaded spending the rest of his life there. He wanted something more for his future. He wished for a war to occur. He wanted to prove himself to be more worthy then a clerk. To his thinking, only some brilliantRead MoreAlexander Hamilton ( 1755-1804 )860 Words   |  4 PagesAlexander Hamilton (1755-1804). Born 1755 in the British West Indies In 1774, he wrote his first political article defending the Patriots cause against the interests of pro-British Loyalists.In 1775, at the beginning of the Revolutionary War Hamilton became part of the New York Provincial Artillery Company and fought in the battles of Long Island, White Plains and Trenton.In the year of 1777, Hamilton became General George Washington s offici al assistant. In 1781 George Washington s granted HamiltonRead MoreEssay on Biography of Alexander Hamilton 1054 Words   |  5 PagesBiography of Alexander Hamilton Summary Alexander Hamilton was most likely born on January 11, 1757, although the exact year of his birth is unknown. Hamilton was born onRead MoreThe Federalist Papers By Alexander Hamilton778 Words   |  4 PagesWritten by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay, the Federalist Papers are a collection of essays that were created in order to defend the Constitution against claims that stated it threatened the freedom and liberty of individuals, and gave too much power to the national government. The 78th essay of the Federalist Papers was written by Alexander Hamilton in efforts to address one of these concerns, that anti-federalists feared the independence of the Judiciary. In this paper, Hamilton recognizedRead MoreAlexander Hamilton, The Unknown Hero921 Words   |  4 PagesAlexander Hamilton, The Unknown Hero An ordinary teenager or adult would address Alexander Hamilton as an arbitrary founding father on the ten dollar bill, for they do not acknowledge the great achievements that Hamilton completed throughout his short life. Alexander Hamilton changed America. To start with, Hamilton was an immigrant from the Caribbean. At the age of seventeen, a hurricane destroyed his town. Hamilton wrote his way out of the madness he was facing. He wrote his first essay, a testamentRead MoreThe Forgotten Founder : Alexander Hamilton1196 Words   |  5 PagesAriel Fisher College Composition 3M Mr. Claxton December 10, 2015 The Forgotten Founder Alexander Hamilton was one of the founding fathers of the United States, but little to no people recognize the accomplishments he made. As a young man he fought in the Revolutionary War under the command of George Washington and later went on to become the first Secretary of the Treasury. With a multitude of other achievements under his belt, it’s hard to comprehend how this amazing man became a forgotten figureRead MoreThomas Jefferson And Alexander Hamilton848 Words   |  4 PagesThomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton set the path for the two-party system of government we have today in the United States. In the 1790s, the Federalists were led by Hamilton and leading the Republicans was Thomas Jefferson (Bethel University, 2004). Many differences distinguished the two parties. The visions each person had for governing the states was compromised by the events leading up to the systems establishments and the later roles of wars, like the War of 1812, and national organiz ation

A basic study of pricing to market Free Essays

Introduction Exchange rate is always changing, which can cause different relative price of traded goods among countries. However, when firms adopt PTM (pricing to market), price of trading goods does not change with the exchange rate, That may result in deviation from purchasing power parity theory. Many aspect of economy such as consumption, welfare distribution will change according to this behavior. We will write a custom essay sample on A basic study of pricing to market or any similar topic only for you Order Now This paper tries to illustrate the meaning and the effect of PTM with some theory and empirical evidence. Definition and theories about PTM Pricing to market(PTM) is a new definition emerged in mid-1980s.During that period ,US dollar has experienced a strong appreciation. However, it has been noticed that the price of import commodities in the US did not decrease according to the exchange rate changes. PTM represent the phenomenon of foreign firms maintaining or even increasing their export price when the currency of the importer country rises. (Krugman,1987) .PTM can also be understand as export firms set price of trading goods in local currency instead of adjust the price according to the exchange rate. The international evidence shows that the pricing to market behavior and exchange-rate pass through is often interpreted as consistent with â€Å"local currency price stability†. This kind of price discrimination behavior does not only affect the price of traded goods, but also influences various kinds of price rigidities. (Alexius and Vredin,1999) Pick and Cater(1994) explain that the reasons for PTM behaviors. Firms prefer to keep stable prices in foreign markets that have fluctuating exchange rates may exercise this preference by exerting market power. It may result from the demand elasticity: As the importing country’s currency appreciates, the import price falls and demand increases. However, when the exporter does not have the ability to adjust the raised demand for its goods, the extend of currency appreciation will not completely reflect in the price of trading commodities. In addition, there is also implication that shocks to national market conditions, such as exogenous changes in the exchange rate, can generate deviations between the prices that firms charge in each market. ( Bergin,2003) At last, PTM may simply because that exporting firm want to keep competitive: many firms in these countries are said to have followed pricing policies designed to keep export prices competitive despite changes in exchange rat es.(Marston,1990) Literatures about PTM are generally based on models. In pricing to market modelsfrom the work of Betts and Devereux(1996), they adapt a model that firms produce different products to export to different countries, besides, firms can set different exporting prices for different destinations. They learn from the result of the model that the increase in the fluctuation of exchange rate arising from PTM may be very large by doing a simple quantitative exercise based on the estimated degree of PTM in international trade. That’s to say, when firms engage in PTM, when a country face with money shocks, the effects of this shocks are quite different compare with the traditional exchange rate models in which prices are set in the currency of the exporter. What’s more, PTM plays a central role in exchange rate determination and in international macroeconomic fluctuations. It acts to limit the pass-through from exchange rate changes to prices, and reduces the traditional ‘â⠂¬Ëœexpenditure switching’’ role o exchange rate changes. (Betts and Deuereux,2000) Implications of PTM for PPP A direct implication of the PTM hypothesis is the low pass-through from the exchange rate to prices, and the resultant failure of the relative PPP to hold in the short and intermediate-runs.(Aizenman,2004) PPP(purchasing power parity) is a conception widely used in international economy. The basic idea about PPP is when consumers purchase identical products in any market worldwide, the quantity of money should be the same when measured in one currency (Hallwood and MacDonald, 2000). Applied to aggregate price data, purchasing power parity is the hypothesis that the import prices that of one country to purchase another country’s goods should move one-for-one with the producer prices for goods in those countries that are the sources of those imports when all of these prices are expressed in a common currency. (Atkeson and Burstein,2008) When firms and producers applied PTM, many aspect of the country’s economy will different from the PPP holders. From the analysis of model in Betts and Deuereux(2000),the implications of PTM to PPP can be conclude as follows: The most obvious implication of PTM is the price volatility. Actually, if there is no price rigidity, the law-of one- price would be available for all kinds of products, and PPP would hold generally, even though there is still exist some extend of international market segmentation. However, if sticky local-currency prices hold, changes in the exchange rate will result in deviations from the law-of-one-price. While when complete PTM applied, the exchange rate will play a different role in the LOOP environment, relative prices of importer and exporters will not be affected by the fluctuation of exchange rate. but it has an impact on relative incomes. If export prices are set in foreign currency, when a depreciation happened in this currency. The home currency earnings of home firms will increase, at the same time, foreign firms’ foreign currency earnings will decrease at given production levels. Thus a depreciation generates a world redistribution of income towards the home coun try, which raises home consumption relative to foreign consumption. This occurs without the influence of relative price changes. (Betts and Deuereux,2000) PTM have a positive effect on promoting the real exchange rate movements: the larger of the PTM sector is, the lower effect of a money shock will the country get. Say a country faced with a money shock which will result in a depreciation of the currency, if PTM holds in a large sector, the impact on reallocation of spending away from domestic goods consumption towards foreign goods will be reduce to a large extend. The reason for this maybe the exchange rate is response to depreciation, however, this kind of currency price change would not affect the domestic market. PTM acts to limit the pass-through from exchange rate changes to prices, and reduces the traditional ‘‘expenditure switching’’ role of exchange rate changes. Nominal price stickiness associated with PTM magnifies the response of the exchange rate to shocks to fundamentals. (Betts and Deuereux,1996) The effect of monetary policies varies from cooperative firms and non-cooperative firms: at first, this need to be confirm that there is always a gain from coopperation, and secondly, that the gain reaches a maximum at the polar cases of no and full pricing to market since in these cases the movement in the terms of trade and thus the welfare spill-over is at a maximum in the non-cooperative setting. (Michaelis,2006) Empirical evidence of PTM As a common strategy of international firms, PTM behavior are widely used all over the world. By investigating data from those firms, we can get the empirical effect of pricing to market. Gil-Pareja(2002) investigated PTM behavior in European car markets during 1993 and 1998. He found that local currency price stability is a strong and pervasive phenomenon across products independent of the invoicing currency. In fact, there are large gaps among the automobile retail prices across EU Member States since the early 1980s, which is deviated from the law-of-one-price. (Gil-Paraja,2002) After analyze and compare the data of different EU countries, it can be easily conclude that the strategy tries to avoid the effect of changes in exchange rate changes is just in order to make the profits across segmented markets be maxime. Exporting firm will get the highest expected profits under exchange rate uncertainty by setting price of the importer’s currency. Since early 1980s, Japanese yen has experienced a depreciation. Marston(1990) has investigated pricing to market by Japanese firms from 1980 to 1987. He explores how Japanese firms responded to shifts in the real exchange rate by varying the prices of their exports relative to prices of products destined for the domestic market. The estimation distinguishes between inadvertent but temporary changes in these margins due to exchange rate surprises and planned changes associated with PTM behavior; He found there is overwhelming evidence that export-domestic price margins are systematically varied to help Japanese firms protect their competitive position. (Marston,1990) According to the exporter in UK, how is export pricing affected by other firm specific or contextual environmental variables such as export experience of the firm, degree of export development, type and intensity of market competition among others. The extend of PTM is based on variable of elements such as the industry le vel, the information and the like.( Tzokas et al.,2000) Conclusion: Pricing to market make the price of international trading goods free from the fluctuation of exchange rate, as a result, PPP no longer hold in those countries which applied PTM. Theories, as well as empirical evidence suggest that PTM has a strong implication of consumption and welfare distribution. It is a effective way for international co operations to avoid the negative influence of exchange rate fluctuation. But the extend of PTM is varias among different counties and industries. Reference Aizenman.J. 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